ABSTRACT Volleyball performance depends partially on lower limb strength. The phase angle (PhA) is a marker of functional muscle mass and a surrogate measure of athletic muscle performance. This study aimed to verify the correlation between PhA (bioimpedance) and lower limb muscle strength in young volleyball athletes. The sample included 38 young male volleyball athletes (Age: 16.7± 1.3 years; Weight: 73.7± 9.7 kg; Height: 179.3± 6.9 cm). We performed a cross-sectional observational study and evaluated the volleyball athletes for vertical jump tests (Counter-Movement Jump: CMJ and Squat Jump: SJ) and whole-body bioimpedance. The Pearson test showed positive and moderate significant correlations between the PhA, CMJ, and SJ (r= 0.550 and r= 0.559, respectively). Our findings demonstrated that assessing the PhA through bioimpedance provides relevant measures of muscle strength and power in young volleyball athletes.

ABSTRACT Football is a sport that involves a combination of continuous and intermittent effort. Therefore, players need to be able to recover quickly between moments of high intensity to continue to perform at a high level of output throughout the entire match. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of an intermittent exercise protocol on the rate of high-intensive force production through the countermovement test (CMJ) in elite Portuguese female soccer players. The sample consisted of 12 players from the first division of women's football in Portugal (Age= 18.1± 0.9 years; Weight= 60.10± 5.8 Kg; Height= 1.63± 4.8 cm; BMI= 22.48± 1.5 kg/m2). The players performed an intermittent exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer, lasting 8 minutes, in which each minute corresponded to 40 seconds of high-intensity (4 W/kg, based on the player's body weight) and 20 seconds of low-intensity (75W). Before and after the protocol, the players performed the CMJ. Through the results obtained, it was possible to observe that players presented a significant decrease in the height of the CMJ between the two moments (before- 29.92± 3.55 cm vs after- 26.92± 4.05 cm; p < .01). The present study allowed us to conclude that intermittent exercise protocol promoted a negative influence on CMJ performance.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the precision of oxygen uptake with heart rate regression during treadmill running in highly trained runners. Twenty national and international level male runners were divided into two equal groups. Group A was formed of 10 sprinters (31.5± 4.7 years, height 1.74± 0.04 m and mass 61.8± 5.2 kg), and group B comprised 10 endurance runners (25.7± 4.5 years, height 1.77± 0.08 m and mass 71.2± 5.8 kg). Each participant performed six min bouts at a constant velocity on a level treadmill, with each bout at an increased running velocity. The starting velocity was 3.33 m·s-1, with a 0.56 m·s-1 increase in each subsequent bout. VO2 and HR were measured during all runs. Mean peak VO2 and mean peak HR for Group A were, respectively, 71.7± 7.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 179.8± 12.7 beats·min-1, while for Group B were 67.3± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 198.2± 9.8 beats·min-1. The linearity of the regressions between VO2 and HR in both groups was very high (R2= 0.97 and R2=0.76) with small standard errors of regression. Despite a stronger correlation in endurance-trained athletes, the results of the present study indicate that it is possible to use HR as an indicator of exercise intensity in individuals trained in both speed and longer distances.

Abstract Air Bike ergometers have recently appeared and become popular among fitness. These ergometers combine the use of upper or lower limbs while remaining seated. Its characteristic is that of a system of external load imposed through air resistance which increases with the cadence imposed on the equipment. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the ramp test and standard leg-cycle ergometer to assess maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). For this purpose, 18 physically active young men, aged between 19 and 29 years (mean ± standard deviation = 21.78 ± 2.44), performed three maximal incremental ramp tests in random order: one test on a cycle ergometer and two tests on an Air Bike arm- and leg- ergometer (test and re-test) with cardiorespiratory measurements throughout the tests. VO2max and maximum heart rate (HRmax) were significantly higher in the Air Bike compared with the cycle ergometer (53.06 ± 8.72 vs 47.38± 9.15 mL/min/kg), 181.93 ± 10.20 vs 176.07 ± 5.28 bpm, p < 0.001; 95%CI 3.41–7.95; ES = 0.30 and p = 0.01; 95%CI 1.44–10.29; ES = 0.34, respectively for VO2max and HRmax). There were no differences between the two ergometers in the maximum respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and test duration (1.21 ± 0.13 vs 1.21 ± 0.13, 598.06 ± 37.28 vs 612.22 ± 86.40 s, p = 0.9; IC95% –0.05 – –0.05; ES = 0 and p = 0.4; 95%CI –46.12–17.79; ES = –0.11, respectively for RER and test duration). Both VO2max and HRmax showed to be reliable when assessed with the Air Bike ergometer. The maximal test carried out on the Air Bike is a reliable ergometer to assess VO2max and probably enables a higher VO2max as compared with a standard leg-cycle ergometer.

RESUMO A avaliação minusciosa da região pélvica é necessária para conferir confiabilidade em pesquisas e, consequentemente, aplicação de tratamentos adequados na prática clínica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de concordância inter-avaliador de um conjunto de testes musculoesqueléticos e viscerais para a região pélvica em mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço. Deste estudo participaram 20 mulheres com idade compreendida entre 30 e 60 anos que foram diagnosticadas com incontinência urinária de esforço. Foram realizados nove testes de verificação de palpação e de mobilidade da região pélvica (testes de flexão em pé e sentada, teste de Gillet, teste de mobilidade ilíaca, sacral e da bexiga, teste do psoas e avaliação do tipo de abdômen) e um teste de provocação de dor para a articulação sacroilíaca (Patrick Faber) por dois avaliadores certificados e experientes. O grau de concordância inter-avaliador foi verificado através do coeficiente Kappa de Choen ((). Foi encontrada concordância significativa entre avaliadores nos testes Patrick Fabere e tipo de abdômen ((=0.649, p<0.0001 e (=0.342, p<0.342, respetivamente). Nos demais testes examinados não foi observada concordância significativa. De maneira geral, a reprodutibilidade dos testes realizados neste estudo entre avaliadores para avaliar a região pélvica em mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço é muito fraca.

ABSTRACT An accurate assessment of the pelvic region is necessary to provide reproducibility in research and clinical practice. The aim of this study, which is part of a randomized controlled trial, was to test the level of inter-examiner agreement of musculoskeletal and visceral tests to assess the pelvic region in women with stress urinary incontinence. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 20 women between 30 and 60 years old. Nine musculoskeletal tests were performed (standing and sitting flexion tests, Gillet test, iliac, sacral, and bladder position and mobility tests, psoas test, and abdomen assessment) and one pain provocation test for the sacroiliac joint (Patrick Faber test). Descriptive statistics were used, and the inter-examiner agreement was assessed using the Kappa coefficient ((). Significant agreement was found for the Patrick-Faber test and abdomen type (( = 0.649, p< 0.0001 and ( = 0.342, p< 0.342, respectively). No significant agreement was observed in the remaining tests. In general, the tests' reproducibility in this study among evaluators to assess women's pelvic region with stress urinary incontinence is very weak.

Flexibility is a measurable physical capacity considered as a key component of physical fitness. Poor flexibility is usually attributed to excessive tension exerted by the antagonist muscles of the movement and, supported by weak scientific evidence, passive stretching is considered as the most effective intervention in the promotion of the muscle extensibility, in attempting to improve mobility. The proposal of this paper is a review of the effects of static stretching in human movement and a presentation of strength training as a more robust alternative based on scientific evidence. First, we try to define which factors influence the ability of the human body to move into their functional safety range of motion. Second, we present a critical scientific literature review of the effects of static stretching in the promotion of range of motion, injury prevention, and sports performance. Third, we propose alternatives to static stretching such as proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, dynamic stretching, and especially strength/resistance training, in the promotion of a better range of motion. Finally, we conclude that perhaps problems of flexibility/mobility should not be addressed with static processes, but with movement.

This study aimed to observe if the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise, concerning the predominantly anaerobic exercises, in the concurrent training affects the body composition. Nine young males and nine young females were equitably dived into three groups that performed for ten weeks a concurrent training, differing between them in the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise in relation to the predominantly anaerobic exercises, with the objective to change the body composition: i) before; ii) after; and iii) interleaved. The measurements of the body composition were performed before (T0) and after ten weeks (T1) of concurrent training, a protocol using the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). It was observed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the percentage of total body fat in all groups (25.75±9.34 to 25.08±9.38, 26.08±8.17 to 25.51±7.54, 28.20±4.29 to 26.45±5.56, T0 and T1, before, after and, interleaved, respectively). The total fat-free mass it was significantly increased in the after order group (50.74±11.82 kg to 51.01±11.85 kg, T0, and T1, respectively) and the upper limbs fat-free mass also significantly increased only in the before order group (6.66±2.64kg to 7.15±2.95kg, T0, and T1, respectively). No statistical differences were observed in any study variables between groups. Based on the data of the present study, the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise concerning the predominantly anaerobic exercises in the concurrent training did not influence the alterations in the body composition.

RESUMO Introdução: Na literatura, é identificada uma lacuna em relação aos efeitos agudos do treino com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo sobre as variáveis aeróbicas. Objetivo: analisar o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) durante e após duas sessões de treino de força: tradicional de alta intensidade e baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo. Métodos: Após os testes de repetição máxima, oito participantes do sexo masculino (25,7 ± 3 anos) completaram os dois protocolos experimentais, separados por 72 horas, em ordem aleatória: a) treino de alta intensidade, com 80% de 1RM (AI) e b) treino de baixa intensidade a 20% de 1RM combinado com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (BI + RFS). Três séries de quatro exercícios (supino, agachamento, remada inclinada e levantamento terra) foram realizadas. O consumo de oxigênio e o consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício foram medidos. Resultados: foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o treino tradicional de alta intensidade e de baixa intensidade com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo, com valores mais altos para sessões de treinamento tradicionais, exceto nos últimos cinco minutos para a medida de consumo de oxigênio pós-exercício. O VO2 medido durante o treino foi maior (p = 0.001) para a sessão de AI (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) comparada ao treino de BI + RFS (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusão: O consumo de oxigênio durante e após as sessões de exercício foram maiores para a metodologia de treinamento de alta intensidade. Contudo, quando se considera o volume dos treinos, estas diferenças foram atenuadas. Nível de Evidência III - Estudos de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência “ouro” aplicado uniformemente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The literature has shown that a gap is identified regarding the acute effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic variables. Objective: to analyze oxygen consumption (VO2) during and after two resistance training sessions: traditional high intensity and low intensity with blood flow restriction. Methods: After one-repetition maximum tests, eight male participants (25.7±3 years) completed the two experimental protocols, separated by 72 hours, in a randomized order: a) high intensity training at 80% of 1RM (HIRE) and b) low intensity training at 20% of 1RM combined with blood flow restriction (LIRE + BFR). Three sets of four exercises (bench press, squat, barbell bent-over row and deadlift) were performed. Oxygen consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were measured. Results: the data showed statistically significant differences between the traditional high intensity training and low intensity training with blood flow restriction, with higher values for traditional training sessions, except for the last five minutes of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption measured during training was higher (p = 0.001) for the HIRE (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) compared to the LIRE + BFR (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusion: Oxygen uptakes rates during and after the exercise sessions were higher for the high intensity training methodology. However, when taking into account the volume of training provided by both methods, these differences were attenuated. Level of Evidence III - Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference stand.

RESUMEN Introducción: La literatura ha demostrado que se identifica una laguna con respecto a los efectos agudos del entrenamiento de restricción del flujo sanguíneo en las variables aeróbicas. Objetivo: analizar el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) durante y después de dos sesiones de entrenamiento de fuerza: tradicional de alta intensidad y baja intensidad con restricción del flujo sanguíneo. Métodos: Después del test de una repetición máxima, ocho participantes masculinos (25,7 ± 3 años) completaron los dos protocolos experimentales, separadas por 72 horas, en orden aleatorio: a) entrenamiento de alta intensidad con 80% de 1RM (AI) y b) entrenamiento de baja intensidad a 20% de 1RM combinado con restricción del flujo sanguíneo (BI + RFS). Tres series de cuatro ejercicios (supino, sentadilla, remo con barra y peso muerto), se realizaron. El consumo de oxígeno y el consumo de oxígeno en el exceso después del ejercicio se midieron. Resultados: se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el entrenamiento tradicional de alta intensidad y de baja intensidad con restricción del flujo sanguíneo, con valores más altos para las sesiones de entrenamiento tradicionales, excepto os últimos cinco minutos del consumo de oxígeno en exceso post-ejercicio. El VO2 medido durante el entrenamiento fue mayor para el AI (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) en comparación con el BI + RFS (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusión: El consumo de oxígeno durante y después de las sesiones de ejercicio fueron mayores para la metodología de entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Sin embargo, cuando se considera el volumen de la práctica, se atenuaron estas diferencias. Nivel de Evidencia III - Estudios de pacientes no consecutivos; sin estándar de referencia “oro” aplicado uniformemente.

The aim of this study was to analyse the serum concentrations of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), lactate (LAC), creatine kinase (CK) and glucose (GLU) on mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes, before and after a fight. We divided 20 MMA athletes into two groups of 10 fighters each, according to the result of a fight, and were then evaluated four times: 24 hours before (-24h), one hour before (-1h), immediately after (0h) and 24 hours after the fight (+24h). It was observed: a significant decrease in T and T/C between moment -24h and 0h and a subsequent increase between the moment 0h and +24h and a reverse behaviour in variables C, LAC and GLU (p<0.0001); a decrease in CK between moment -24h and -1h and an increase between moment -1h and +24h (p<0.0001); and differences between winners and losers T levels, in moments -24h, -1h, 0h and +24h (p = 0.009 e p < 0.001, p = 0.005 e p = 0,001, T and C, respectively), in T/C in the moments -24h and 0h (p=0.006 and p=0.001, respectively) and in GLU levels (p<0.0001) in the moment 0h. Therefore, it seems that an MMA fight leads to metabolic stress and muscle damage, regardless of the result of the fight. The coaches have now more biochemical and hormonal references and indicators in response to an MMA fight.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito agudo do exercício de força realizado em diferentes intensidades sobre a hemodinâmica de homens normotensos. Participaram do estudo 10 homens aparentemente saudáveis (25.40 ± 6.90) divididos aleatoriamente em três protocolos experimentais: a) 60% de 8RM; b) 80% de 8RM; c) 100% de 8RM. Todos os protocolos realizaram seis exercícios (leg press 45°, supino vertical, flexão de joelhos, remada sentada fechada, extensão de joelhos e desenvolvimento na máquina), com três series de oito repetições para cada exercício. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), freqüência cardíaca (FC) e o duplo produto (DP) foram mensurados em repouso, no final dos exercícios e durante os 60 minutos pós-exercício. Os resultados mostram que houve redução significativa na PAS mais rápida com maior duração (p< 0.05) para intensidade 100% de 8RM, porém sem reduções significativas na PAD para todas as intensidades (p> 0.05). Houve maiores elevações significativas na FC e no DP para 100% de 8RM em todos os momentos (p> 0.05). Conclui-se que altas intensidades (100% de 8RM) promovem hipotensão pós-exercício com respostas mais rápidas e de maior duração e eleva a FC e o DP de homens normotensos.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of resistance exercise performed at different intensities on the hemodynamics of normotensive men. The study included 10 normotensive and recreationally-trained men (25.40 ± 6.90 years) performed the following three experimental protocols in a randomized order: a) 60% of 8RM; b) 80% of 8RM; c) 100% of 8RM. All protocols performed six exercises (Leg Press, Vertical Bench Press, Leg Flexion, Close-Grip Seated Row, Leg Extension and Shoulder Press) with three sets of eight repetitions for each exercise. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP) were measured at rest, at the end of exercise and during the 60-minute post-exercise. The findings showed that there was a significant reduction in the faster SBP with a longer duration (p< 0.0001) for the 100% of 8RM intensity, but without significant decreases in DBP for all intensities (p> 0.05). There were significantly higher elevations in HR and DP for 100% of 8RM at all times (p<0.0001). We conclude that high intensities (100% of 8RM) promote post-exercise hypotension with faster responses and greater duration and increase HR and DP in normotensive men.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a correlação entre a camada de gordura subcutânea e a variação de temperatura (core - pele) em duas regiões do corpo, medida por sensores infravermelhos. Este estudo envolveu 43 voluntários, selecionados entre os estudantes de graduação em educação física. As imagens térmicas e dobras cutâneas foram adquiridas da região subescapular (SB) para o sexo masculino e da região tricipital (TR) para as voluntárias do sexo feminino, ambas do lado direito do corpo. Neste estudo, a espessura da prega cutânea subescapular, correlacionou-se inversamente com a temperatura da pele (r = -0,638, p = 0,004) e positivamente com a variação de temperatura [central - pele] (r = 0,653, p = 0,003). No entanto, os resultados para a região tricipital não mostrou correlação significativa com a temperatura da pele ou com a variação de temperatura [central - pele]. Quando a amostra foi separada em dois grupos, pela espessura da prega cutânea, com ponto de corte em 12mm, teste de médias de comparação para a variação de temperatura [central - pele] mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para a região subescapular (teste t de Student para amostra independente, valor de p = 0,023 ), mas não para a região tricipital (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks e os testes de Mann-Whitney, p = 0,268). Em suma, os resultados sugerem que a camada subcutânea de gordura está negativamente correlacionada com a temperatura da pele na região subescapular.

The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the subcutaneous fat layer and the temperature variation (core - skin) in two body regions, measured by infrared sensors. This study involved 43 volunteers selected among undergraduate students in physical education. The thermal images and skinfold thickness were acquired from subscapular region (SB) for male and triceps region (TR) for female volunteers, of right side. In this study, subscapular skinfold thickness was inversely correlated with skin temperature (r = -0.638, p = 0.004) and directly correlated with ΔT [core - skin] (r = 0.653, p = 0.003). However, the results for the triceps region showed no significant correlation between triceps skinfold thickness and skin temperature or ΔT [core - skin]. When the sample was separated into two groups by skinfold thickness, with cut off at 12mm, average comparison tests for ΔT [core - skin] shows statistically significant difference between groups for the subscapular site (Student t test for independent sample, p value = 0.023), but not for the triceps site (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks and the Mann-Whitney tests, p value = 0.268). In short, the findings suggest that subcutaneous fat layer correlates negatively with skin temperature in subscapular region.

Introduction: Thermography records the skin temperature, which can be influenced by: muscle mass and subcutaneous fat layer. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of subcutaneous fat layer in the skin temperature variation rate, during exercise. Methods This is a short-longitudinal study that involved 17 healthy male trained volunteers. Volunteers were divided in two groups. The first called GP1 with nine volunteers (biceps brachii skinfold thickness < 4 mm) and the second called GP2 with eight volunteers (biceps brachii skinfold thickness from 4 to 8 mm). Both groups performed three sets with 16 repetitions of unilateral biceps brachii bi-set exercise with dominant arm (eight repetitions of biceps curls and another eight of biceps hammer curls, with dumbbells), and with load of 70% of 1RM. The rest time between sets was 90s. Results The skin temperature variation rate (variation of temperature / time) was 3.59 × 10-3 ± 1.47 × 10-3 °C/s for GP1 and 0.66 × 10-3 ± 4.83 × 10-3 °C/s for GP2 (p = 0.138) considering all moments. For the period after set 1 until the end of set 3, skin temperature variation rate was 5.11 × 10-3 ± 2.57 × 10-3 °C/s for GP1 and 1.88 × 10-3 ± 3.60 × 10-3 °C/s for GP2 (p = 0.048). Subcutaneous fat layer also influences the skin temperature at resting (p = 0.044). Conclusion Subjects with lower subcutaneous fat layer have a higher skin temperature variation rate during exercise than those with higher subcutaneous fat layer.

RESUMO Introdução: Vários estudos já relataram a resposta de muitos biomarcadores após treinamento de força, mas os estudos que utilizam ferramentas de diagnóstico por imagem de baixo custo são raros. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso da temperatura da pele e da espessura do músculo (EM) para monitorar a resposta muscular (até 96 horas após) ao treinamento de força de alta intensidade. Métodos: Este é um estudo longitudinal de curta duração com 13 voluntários treinados e saudáveis do sexo masculino. Os voluntários realizaram cinco conjuntos de exercícios bi--set para bíceps com o braço dominante, com halteres, com carga de 70% de uma repetição máxima (1RM). As imagens de ultrassom (US) e térmicas foram obtidas antes e imediatamente após a última série, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após o exercício. Resultados: A análise foi dividida em duas etapas: resposta muscular aguda (até 24h após o treino) e resposta muscular tardia (de 24h a 96h após o treino). A espessura dos flexores do cotovelo mostrou o valor de pico imediatamente após o último conjunto de treinamento. A temperatura da pele (nos flexores do cotovelo) e a espessura dos flexores do cotovelo aumentaram continuamente de 24h a 96h após o treinamento de força. Existe uma alta correlação (r = 0,941, p = 0,017) entre a temperatura da pele e a espessura do músculo desde o final do exercício até 96h após o treinamento de força. Conclusões: As imagens de US mostraram alta sensibilidade para alterações fisiológicas no músculo nas primeiras 24 horas após o exercício. Por outro lado, as imagens térmicas apresentaram maior sensibilidade para alterações fisiológicas do que as imagens de US entre 24h e 96h após o treinamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several studies already reported the response of many biomarkers after strength training, but studies using low cost diagnostic imaging tools are rare. Objective: To evaluate the usage of skin temperature and muscle thickness (MT) to monitor muscle response (until 96 hours after) to high-intensity strength training. Methods: This is a short-term longitudinal study with 13 trained, healthy male volunteers. Volunteers performed five sets of biceps bi-set exercise with their dominant arm with dumbbells, with load of 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). The ultrasound (US) and thermal images were acquired before and immediately after the last set, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after exercise. Results: The analysis was divided in two stages: acute muscle response (until 24 hours after training) and delayed muscle response (from 24 to 96 hours after training). The elbow flexors thickness showed the peak value immediately after the last set of training. Skin temperature (on elbow flexors) and the elbow flexors thickness grew continuously from 24 to 96 hours after strength training. There is a high correlation (r=0.941, p=0.017) between skin temperature and muscle thickness from the end of exercise until 96 hours after strength training. Conclusions: The US images showed high sensibility for muscle physiological changes on the first 24 hours after exercise. On the other hand, the thermal images had higher sensibility for muscle physiological changes than US images from 24 to 96 hours after training.

RESUMEN Introducción: Varios estudios ya relataron la respuesta de muchos biomarcadores después de entrenamiento de fuerza, pero los estudios que utilizan herramientas de diagnóstico por imagen de bajo costo son raros. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de la temperatura de la piel y del espesor del músculo (EM) para monitorear la respuesta muscular (hasta de 96 horas después) al entrenamiento de fuerza de alta intensidad. Métodos: Este es un estudio longitudinal de corta duración con 13 voluntarios entrenados y saludables del sexo masculino. Los voluntarios realizaron cinco conjuntos de ejercicios bi-set para bíceps con el brazo dominante, con pesas, con carga de 70% de una repetición máxima (1RM). Las imágenes de ultrasonido (US) y térmicas fueron obtenidas antes e inmediatamente después de la última serie, 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas después del ejercicio. Resultados: El análisis fue dividido en dos etapas: respuesta muscular aguda (hasta 24 horas después del entrenamiento) y respuesta muscular tardía (de 24 a 96 horas después del entrenamiento). El espesor de los flexores del codo mostró el valor de pico inmediatamente después del último conjunto de entrenamiento. La temperatura de la piel (en los flexores del codo) y el espesor de los flexores del codo aumentaron continuamente de 24 a 96 horas después del entrenamiento de fuerza. Existe una alta correlación (r = 0,941, p = 0,017) entre la temperatura de la piel y el espesor del músculo desde el final del ejercicio hasta 96 horas después del entrenamiento de fuerza. Conclusiones: Las imágenes de US mostraron alta sensibilidad para alteraciones fisiológicas en el músculo en las primeras 24 horas después del ejercicio. Por otro lado, las imágenes térmicas presentaron mayor sensibilidad para alteraciones fisiológicas que las imágenes de US entre 24 y 96 horas después del entrenamiento.

O aumento do diâmetro venoso está associado à incompetência do sistema nos membros inferiores. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de uma sessão de exercícios de treino de força (TF) sobre o diâmetro venoso superficial (DV) dos membros inferiores (MI). Vinte e dois homens (22 ± 2 anos, 81.2 ± 13.4 kg, 173.0 ± 4.0 cm e 18.6 ± 3.3% de percentagem de gordura estimada), realizaram um circuito com agachamento, avanço e flexão plantar, sendo 3 séries de 6 repetições (3 minutos de intervalo) com carga de 85% (1-RM). Os DVs da veia safena interna (VSI), dos MI, foram medidos em repouso e imediatamente após cada série, com eco-Doppler colorido. Realizou-se um teste de Anova one-way para medidas repetidas. Para as VSI, de ambos os MI, observou-se uma diminuição dos DVs, ao longo das séries. Ademais, entre as séries, houve uma queda significativa entre a primeira e segunda (p= 0.009) e um aumento entre a segunda e terceira séries (p= 0.027) para a VSI direita, e para a VSI esquerda, apenas as medidas após a primeira e segunda foram diferentes (p= 0.001). Houve uma tendência de redução do DV após uma sessão aguda de exercício de força. Conclui-se que a prática de uma sessão de exercícios de TF não promove alterações negativas na estrutura das veias de homens treinados.

The increase of the venous diameter is associated with the incompetence of the venous system of lower limb. In order to analyze the acute effects of one session of strength exercise (SE) on superficial venous diameter (VD) of the lower limbs (LL). Twenty-two men (22 ± 2 years old, 81.2 ± 13.4kg weight, 173.0 ± 4.0 cm height and 18.6 ± 3.3% estimated body fat) performed a circuit of three SE, with 3 sets of 6 repetitions, controlled by metronome, with a load of 85% (1-RM) and 3 minutes rest. The VDs of the internal saphenous vein (ISV), in right and left LL, were measured at baseline and immediately after each set with color eco-Doppler. Data were analyzed by means of a one-way ANOVA for repeated measures. There was a significant effect of time for the right and left VSI (p= 0.001), the VDs at baseline were higher than in series for both. Furthermore, between sets, there was a significant decrease between the first and second (p= 0.009) and an increase between the second and third series (p= 0.027) for the right ISV. For the left ISV, only measured after the first and second are different (p= 0.001). There was a trend toward reduction in VD after the acute bout of strength exercise, indicating that their practice is efficient for the performance of this structure.

- Os objetivos do estudo foram caracterizar as orientações motivacionais e as atitudes (anti)desportivas de jovens futebolistas e suas associações com as pressões percebidas de distintos agentes sociais (pais/família, treinadores, colegas de equipa e amigos). A amostra foi constituída por um total de 118 futebolistas masculinos, com idades entre os 11 e os 19 anos (M= 14.68, DP= 2.16). Os atletas tinham 5.40 ± 2.39 anos de experiência federada, sendo que 71 (60.2%) atletas competiam em nível regional e 47 (39.8%) em competições nacionais. Os participantes responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico, ao Questionário de Orientação Motivacional no Desporto e ao Questionário de Valores no Desporto. A análise estatística envolveu procedimentos de normalidade univariada e análise descritiva, comparativa e correlacional. Os resultados indicaram que a orientação para a tarefa correlacionou-se positivamente com as atitudes desportivas (r= 0.47, p<0.01) e negativamente com as atitudes antidesportivas (r= −0.46, p<0.01), enquanto a orientação para o ego exerceu um efeito contrário (atitudes desportivas: r= −0.33, p<0.01 e atitudes antidesportivas: r= 0.42, p<0.01). As pressões percebidas por parte de todos os agentes de socialização associaram-se positiva e significativamente com as atitudes antidesportivas (p<0.05), sendo os treinadores as principais fontes de pressão promotoras de níveis superiores de orientação para o ego e menores níveis de orientação para a tarefa e atitudes desportivas nos atletas. Em suma, estes resultados indicam a necessidade dos treinadores e outros agentes sociais promoverem um clima de competição orientado para o autoaperfeiçoamento e para a expressão de atitudes socialmente positivas no contexto desportivo.

The purposes of this study were to characterize the achievement goals and sportsmanlike attitudes in young soccer players and their association with perceived pressure from different significant social agents (parents/family, coaches, teammates and friends). The sample of the study was comprised of 118 young soccer players, aged between 11 and 19 years (M= 14.68, SD= 2.16). Athletes had 5.40 ± 2.39 years of sport experience and 71 (60.2%) of the athletes had competed at a regional level, while 47 (39.8%) had participated in national competitions. Participants completed a socio-demographic survey, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire and the Sports Values Questionnaire. The statistical analyses involved univariate normality and descriptive, comparative and correlational analyses. Results revealed that task orientation was positively correlated with sportsmanlike attitudes (r= 0.47, p<0.01) and negatively associated with unsportsmanlike attitudes (r= −0.46, p<0.01), whereas ego orientation effects were contrary (sportsmanlike attitudes: r= −0.33, p<0.01 and unsportsmanlike attitudes: r= 0.42, p<0.01). Perceived pressures from all significant social agents were positively and significantly associated with unsportsmanlike attitudes (p<0.05), with perceived pressure from coaches also being associated with higher ego orientation scores and with lower task orientation and sportsmanlike attitudes in young soccer players. In summary, these results indicate the need for coaches and other social agents to promote a competition climate that reinforces self-referenced improvements and the expression of positive social attitudes in sports contexts.